रूस ब्रह्मोस मिसाइल का उपयोग क्यों नहीं करता है जबकि ब्रह्मोस मिसाइल भारत और रूस के संयुक्त उद्यम द्वारा बनाई गई थी।

ब्रह्मोस मिसाइल भारत के रक्षा अनुसंधान और विकास संगठन (DRDO) और रूसी संघ के NPO Mashinostroyeniya के बीच संयुक्त उद्यम द्वारा बनाई गई थी |

ब्रह्मोस मिसाइल का नाम भारत और रूस में स्थित दो नदी के नाम से बना है।

ब्रह्म (Brah) शब्द भारत की नदी ब्रह्मपुत्र से लिया गया है और मॉस् (Mos) रूस की नदी मोस्कवा से लिया गया है।

ब्रह्मोस मिसाइल की तकनीक रूसी की पी -800 ओनिकस क्रूज मिसाइल (P-800 Oniks cruise) और अन्य समान सी-स्कीमिंग क्रूज मिसाइल पर आधारित है। जिनका उपयोग रूस पहले से ही कर रहा है|

इस कारण से रूस ब्रह्मोस मिसाइल का उपयोग नहीं करता है

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Granular Sub-base Base (GSB) quantity / Compaction Factor value and / Loose thickness of GSB Layer

In this article we shall discuss three important points about granular sub base (GSB) 1- How can we calculate the required GSB quantity? 2 - What is value of compaction factor for GSB? 3- How much loose thickness of GSB should be taken to get proper compacted layer thickness ? 1- How can we calculate the required GSB quantity? Let us consider Length of GSB bed (L) = 500 Met. Breadth of GSB bed (B) = 7 Met. Thickness of GSB Layer (T) = 150 mm =0.150 Met. Max. Dry Density (MDD) =2.221 Gram/ Cubic Centimeter = 2221Kg/ Cubic metre Note - The value of MDD is calculated by conducting proctor density test as per IS 2720 (part -28) : 1983 (Reaffirmed - May 2015). Then Volume of GSB Layer = ( Length of GSB Bed X Width of GSB Bed X Thickness of GSB Layer) Volume of GSB Layer = L X B X T Volume of GSB Layer = 500 X 7 X 0.150 Volume of GSB Layer = 525 Cubic Metre We...

WMM(Wet Mix Macadam) quantity / Compaction Factor value for WMM / Loose thickness of WMM Layer

Wet Mix Macadam (WMM) quantity / Compaction Factor value for WMM / Loose thickness of WMM Layer In this article we shall discuss three important points about wet Mix Macadam (WMM) 1- How can we calculate the required WMM quantity? 2 - What is value of compaction factor for WMM? 3- How much loose thickness should be taken to get proper compacted layer thickness ? 1- How can we calculate the required WMM quantity? Let us consider Length of WMM Bed(L) = 1 Km = 1000 Met. Breadth of WMM Bed(B)= 7 Met. Thickness of WMM Layer (T) = 150 mm =0.150 Met. Max. Dry Density (MDD) =2.230 Gram/ Cubic Centimeter = 2230KG/ Cubic metre Note - The value of MDD is calculated by conducting proctor density test as per IS 2720 (part -28) : 1983 (Reaffirmed - May 2015). Then Volume of WMM Layer = ( Length of WMM Bed X Width of WMM Bed X Thickness of WMM Layer) Volume of WMM Layer = L X B X T Volume of WMM Layer = ...

Dense Bituminous Macadam (DBM) or Bituminous Concrete (BC) layer Quantity / Compaction Factor value / Loose thickness calculation

Dense Bituminous Macadam (DBM) or Bituminous Concrete (BC) quantity / Compaction Factor value for DBM or BC / Loose thickness of DBM or BC Layer In this article we shall discuss three important points about Dense Bituminous Macadam (DBM) or Bituminous Concrete (BC) 1- How can we calculate the required DBM/BC quantity? 2 - What is value of compaction factor for DBM/BC? 3- How much loose thickness should be taken to get proper compacted layer thickness ? 1- How can we calculate the required DBM/BC quantity? Let us consider Length of DBM/BC layer (L) = 1 Km = 1000 Met. Breadth of DBM/BC Layer (B)= 5 Met. Thickness of DBM/BC Layer (T) = 50 mm =0.050 Met. Max. Dry Density (MDD) =2.441 Gram/ Cubic Centimeter = 2441KG/ Cubic metre Note - The value of MDD is calculated by conducting suitable test . Then Volume of DBM/BC Layer = ( Length of DBM/BC layer X Width of DBM/BC la...

Granular Sub base (GSB) specifications, GSB Grading, layer thickness, Water absorption, Physical requirements (like liquid limit, Plasticity index ,AIV), construction procedure or Rolling , measurement and treatment of GSB as per MORTH 5th revision and Indian standard in Civil engineering

Granular sub-base (GSB) SUB BASE (GSB)– The full form of GSB is granular sub base.it is being laid in road work because it plays two major roles 1- it works as drainage layer 2- it provides a good sub base to laid base layer on it. How to calculate the quantity, compaction factor value and loose thickness of GSB? To know more information kindly visit on below link 🔗 Granular sub-base(GSB) Quantity,compaction factor and loose thickness Material – The material to be used for the work shall be natural sand, crushed gravel, crushed stone, crushed slag, or combination thereof depending upon the grading required use of material like brick metal, kankar and crushed concrete shall be permitted in the lower sub base. The material shall be free from organic or other deleterious constituents. Grading III and IV shall be used in lower sub base. Grading V and VI shall be used as sub-base-cum-drainage layer. Where the sub-base is laid in tw...

Wet Mix Macadam (WMM) technical specifications as per MORTH and Indian standard in Civil engineering

WET MIX MACADAM (WMM) sub – base /base:- Wet mix macadam (WMM) act as a base course just below the bituminous layer (bitumen base course or surface course). The thickness of a single compacted Wet mix macadam(WMM) layer shall not be less than 75mm.when vibrating or other approved types of compacting equipment are used, the compacted depth of a single layer of the sub-base course may be up to 200mm. How to calculate the loose thickness of WMM, compaction factor and quantity of WMM ? Kindly visit on below link 🔗 WMM- loose thickness,quantity and compaction factor Physical requirements Material finer than 425 micron shall have plasticity index (PI) not exceeding 6. To determine this combined portion, the flaky stone from a representative sample should first be separated out. Flakiness index is weight of flaky stone metal divided by weight of stone sample. Only the elongated particles are separated out from the remaining (non-flaky) ...

DBM (Dense Bituminous Macadam) specificatins,layer thickness, physical requirements, aggregate size, grades and its measurements

DENSE BITUMINOUS MACADAM(DBM) DBM acts as a bituminous base course and thickness of a single compacted layer shall be 50 mm to 100 mm. In this article we shall discuss about Technical specifications of DBM (Dense Bituminous Macadam), layer thickness, physical requirements, aggregate size, grades and its measurements A-Scope : The work shall consist of construction in a single layer of DBM on a previously prepared base or sub-base. The thickness of a single layer shall be 50 mm to 100 mm. B - Material : The choice of binder material shall be stipulated in the contract or by the engineer, where viscosity grades of bitumen are specified, they are referred to by a designation in accordance with IS: 73. Where modified bitumen is specified, it shall conform to the requirements of IRC:SP:53 and IS:15462. Selection criteria for viscosity grade bitumen based on highest and lowest daily mean temperatures at a particular site are ]given in table no -1. ...

Full form of various terms used in civil engineering /highway engineering or road work

Full Form of various terms used in civil engineering (Highway and expressway) List of various acronyms or abbreviations used in civil engineering TBM- Temporary Bench mark (टे᠎म्‌प्‌ररि बेंच मार्क) BM- Bench Mark ( बेंच मार्क ) / Bituminous Macadam ( बिटुमिनस मैकडम) MSL- Mean Sea Level (मीन सी लेवल) BS- Back sight( बैक साइट) FS - Fore sight (फोर साइट) HI - Height of Instrument ( हाइट आंफ इन्‌स्‍ट्रमन्‍ट्‌) TS- Total Station (टोटल स्टेशन) GPS- Global Positioning System (ग्लोबल पोजिशनिंग सिस्टम) DGPS - Differential Global Positioning System ( डिफरेंसिअल ग्लोबल पोजिशनिंग सिस्टम) ROW- Right of Way (राइट ऑफ वे) MTV- material Transport vehicle (मटेरियल ट्रांसपोर्ट वहीकल) NGL- Natural Ground Level (नेचुरल ग्राउन्‍ड्‌ लेवल ) OGL- Original Ground level (अˈरिजन्‌ल्‌ ग्राउन्‍ड्‌ लेवल ) C&G- Clearing and Grubbing ( क्लियरिंग और ग्रबिंग) EMB- Embankment SG- Subgra...

Difference between nominal mix and design mix of concrete

Difference between nominal mix and design mix of concrete - Concrete is most extensively used mix to achieve desired properties of structure. There are two methods to prepare the concrete mix. 1-Nominal mix 2- Design mix Nominal mix - Nominal mix specifies the fix proportion of the cement , sand and aggregates. Ingredients of concrete are mixed on the basis of volume. It is a site level mixing of ingredients to prepare concrete mix. Such type of concrete mix is generally used in small quantity or where load is not high. There are many grade of nominal mix concrete like M-5, M-7.5, M-10, M-15 and M-20. In above grades of concrete mix the letter 'M' refers to Mix where as the value like 5,7.5,10,15 etc indicates the compressive characteristic strength of concrete after 28 days in specified conditios. Unit of this compressive characteristic strength of concrete is Newton /mm 2. The ratio of various grade of concrete is being given below - M-5...

Bituminous Concrete (BC) specifications viz. Layer thickness, Mix and material requirements, grading , laying trials, Rolling , Construction procedure, transport and joint specifications, surface finish and quality control,measurement and rate etc..as per MORTH and Indian Standard

Bituminous concrete(BC)- Bituminous concrete( BC) is used for wearing course and profile corrective courses.BC is generally laid in single layer on a previously prepared bituminous bound surface. The thickness of single layer of BC shall be 30mm,40mm and 50mm. 1 -MATERIAL A- Bitumen - The bitumen shall be viscosity graded paving bitumin complying with IS 73 or specified in contract aggrement. The type and grade of bitumen to be used would depend upon the climatic condition and the traffic. Selection criteria of viscosity graded (VG) paving bitumens based on climatic conditions B- Coarse Aggregate It consist of crushed rock,crushed gravel or other hard material retained on 2.36 mm sieve. It shall be clean ,hard,durable and of cubical shape,free from dust,and soft organic and other deleterious substances. The aggregates shall satisfy the physical requirements of table no. -2 (Table no. 500-16 ,as per MORTH 5th revision) where...

Rolling pattern and process, number of rolling passes, speed of roller(Soil compactor and tandem) , precautions During rolling operation of various road layers as per MORTH and Indian standard

This article includes 1-What is Rolling and why rolling is required in road construction 2- Type of roller (soil compactor and tandem) 3-Process of rolling and speed of roller 4 Required number of rolling passes and Rolling pattern 5-Precautions during rolling 1-What is Rolling and why rolling is required in road construction Rolling means pressing the particles close to each other. Air during Rolling is expelled from the void space in the soil mass and, therefore, the mass density is increased. Rolling of a soil mass is done to improve its engineering properties. Rolling is an artificial process to achieve compaction in any required road layers. which is done to increase the density (unit weight) of the soil to improve its properties before it is put to any use. 2- Type of roller Roller are generally divided in two A- Tandem B- Soil compactor Rolling is done with the help of roller (soil compactor and tandem).Generally plain rol...

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